English across languages

This branch covers writing English across differences in first language and cultural context. Its parts distinguish international readers, meanings shaped by local language and practice, sentence patterns transferred from another language, support for authors and preparation for translation. Translating a text and establishing equivalence between languages belong to neighbouring branches.

• Writing in English for an international readership — composing in English, intelligibility across language backgrounds, constructions for second-language readers and global technical marketing
• When a term means something else to the reader — cultural meanings of symptoms, jargon dependent on local practice and ambiguity across languages
• Writing the English sentence pattern from another first language — transferred sentence patterns, Japanese and Chinese structures, and Russian and German writers’ experience
• Authors writing in English as an additional language — author support, publication barriers, cultural differences, institutional services and editor qualifications
• Writing for translation and localisation — the language route, translatable wording and context, terminology, market assumptions and cultural adaptation